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1703 - Tokyo hit by Earthquake; about 37,000 die
1850 - John Milne, British Geologist, Seismologist, and Anthropologist who developed the first modern seismograph, born in Liverpool, England
1911 - China abolished the monarchy and as a president of the newly created republic is Sun Yat Sen, the interim president and leader of the Chinese People's party - the Kuomintang.
1922 - Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is formed.
1924 - Edwin Hubble announces the existence of other galaxies.
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1845 - Texas admitted as 28th state of the Union.
1911 - Mongolia gains independence from the Qing dynasty.
1992 - The Dutch Parliament made decision to recognize the Republic of Macedonia.
2003 - The last known speaker of Akkala Sami dies, rendering the language extinct.
2013 - The volcano, Chaparrastique, erupts in El Salvador.
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1612 - Galileo Galilei becomes the first astronomer to observe the planet Neptune, although he mistakenly catalogued it as a fixed star.
1836 - South Australia and Adelaide are founded.
1836 - Spain recognizes independence of Mexico
1846 - Iowa becomes 29th state the Union
1908 - Earthquake strikes Messina, Italy (nearly 80,000 died)
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1939 - Erzincan earthquake; Erzincan, Turkey is hit by an earthquake, killing 30,000.
1966 - Cave of Swallows: the largest known cave shaft in the world, is discovered in Aquismón, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
1968 - Apollo 8; splashes down in the Pacific Ocean, ending the first orbital manned mission to the Moon.
1978 - The Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station in the South Pole recorded temperatures of 7.5 °F (−13.6 °C), making it the highest temperature to ever be recorded in the South Pole.
2004 - Radiation from an explosion on the magnetar SGR 1806-20 reaches Earth. It is the brightest extrasolar event known to have been witnessed on the planet.
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1492 - 1st Spanish settlement La Navidad (modern Môle-Saint-Nicolas) in New World founded, by Columbus
1898 - Marie and Pierre Curie announce the isolation of radium.
1991 - Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union meets and formally dissolves the Soviet Union.
1973 - 2 Skylab 3 astronauts walk in space for a record 7 hours
2004 - Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami; A 9.3 magnitude earthquake creates a tsunami, causing devastation in Sri Lanka, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, the Maldives and many other areas around the rim of the Indian Ocean, killing over 230,000 people including over 1700 in the Sri Lanka tsunami-rail disaster.